Chemical equilibrium ICE table
One balanced ideal reaction, with your own initial mol/L and a dimensionless K relative to 1 mol/L.
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One balanced ideal reaction, with your own initial mol/L and a dimensionless K relative to 1 mol/L. Use signed coefficients: reactants are negative. Only an admissible root with positive concentrations is reported. Ideal solutes and gases only; pure solids and liquids are excluded. Enter one row per composition, charge and physical phase, with its net coefficient. Omitted phase means(aq);(g) is distinct. Reordered symbols/groups do not create new species. Duplicate identities and identity-only reactions are rejected even atK1; structural isomers are not identified by this formula grammar.
Model, grammar and limits
cᵢ=cᵢ₀+νᵢξ; ln Q=Σνᵢ ln(cᵢ/1 mol L⁻¹)
Examples: H2O, K4[Fe(CN)6], CuSO4·5H2O; charges: Fe^2+, Cl^-, electron e^-. Element symbols are case-sensitive (118 symbols); a formula can have up to 256 characters, nesting up to 6, hydrate parts up to 8, subscripts up to 100000 and up to 1e9 atoms per element. Isotopes, leading formula coefficients and automatic reaction species are not supported.
Reactions: up to 12 species. ICE: up to 8 species, with coefficients from −12 to 12 and concentrations from 0 to 100 mol/L; K and Q from 1e−200 to 1e200. Aqueous temperature 273.15 to 373.15 K; Kw 1e−18 to 1e−10; Ka and Kb 1e−30 to 1e6; concentration up to 10 mol/L (titration and buffer parts up to 5). Titration: up to 1001 points; steps and end up to 100000 mL. Dilution: up to 100 stages, volumes up to 1e6 L. Nernst: n from 1 to 100, up to 12 activities, E° within ±100 V; gas inputs must be positive and up to 1e15, T up to 1e5 K. Numeric text up to 48 characters, no thousands separators.
Atom and charge coefficients and decimal dilution accounting are exact. Other results are numerical, shown with 10 significant digits, and the CSV has raw numeric values plus units. Roots take at most 180 iterations, and results whose residual can't be certified because resolution was lost are rejected. This is an educational model of your chosen setup, not a dosing or engineering instruction.
CIAAW abridged2024; CODATA2022 R=8.31446261815324 J/(mol K), F=96485.33212331002 C/mol
Runs in a local worker in your browser with a 15-second deadline; editing, resetting or canceling closes pending work. Inputs are never uploaded or saved automatically. Backup up to 1 MiB; original files stay unchanged. Input data, formulas and filenames are never sent. Only with your optional consent, Refentra sends aggregate counts of actions and outcomes, without input content.
Use this model
- Own inputs
One balanced ideal reaction, with your own initial mol/L and a dimensionless K relative to 1 mol/L. Use signed coefficients: reactants are negative. Only an admissible root with positive concentrations is reported. Ideal solutes and gases only; pure solids and liquids are excluded. Enter one row per composition, charge and physical phase, with its net coefficient. Omitted phase means(aq);(g) is distinct. Reordered symbols/groups do not create new species. Duplicate identities and identity-only reactions are rejected even atK1; structural isomers are not identified by this formula grammar.
- Model, grammar and limits
cᵢ=cᵢ₀+νᵢξ; ln Q=Σνᵢ ln(cᵢ/1 mol L⁻¹) Atom and charge coefficients and decimal dilution accounting are exact. Other results are numerical, shown with 10 significant digits, and the CSV has raw numeric values plus units. Roots take at most 180 iterations, and results whose residual can't be certified because resolution was lost are rejected. This is an educational model of your chosen setup, not a dosing or engineering instruction.
- Download CSV report
Runs in a local worker in your browser with a 15-second deadline; editing, resetting or canceling closes pending work. Inputs are never uploaded or saved automatically. Backup up to 1 MiB; original files stay unchanged. Input data, formulas and filenames are never sent. Only with your optional consent, Refentra sends aggregate counts of actions and outcomes, without input content.
Questions and model limits
Which assumptions apply?
One balanced ideal reaction, with your own initial mol/L and a dimensionless K relative to 1 mol/L. Use signed coefficients: reactants are negative. Only an admissible root with positive concentrations is reported. Ideal solutes and gases only; pure solids and liquids are excluded. Enter one row per composition, charge and physical phase, with its net coefficient. Omitted phase means(aq);(g) is distinct. Reordered symbols/groups do not create new species. Duplicate identities and identity-only reactions are rejected even atK1; structural isomers are not identified by this formula grammar.
How exact are the results?
Atom and charge coefficients and decimal dilution accounting are exact. Other results are numerical, shown with 10 significant digits, and the CSV has raw numeric values plus units. Roots take at most 180 iterations, and results whose residual can't be certified because resolution was lost are rejected. This is an educational model of your chosen setup, not a dosing or engineering instruction.
What inputs are supported?
Reactions: up to 12 species. ICE: up to 8 species, with coefficients from −12 to 12 and concentrations from 0 to 100 mol/L; K and Q from 1e−200 to 1e200. Aqueous temperature 273.15 to 373.15 K; Kw 1e−18 to 1e−10; Ka and Kb 1e−30 to 1e6; concentration up to 10 mol/L (titration and buffer parts up to 5). Titration: up to 1001 points; steps and end up to 100000 mL. Dilution: up to 100 stages, volumes up to 1e6 L. Nernst: n from 1 to 100, up to 12 activities, E° within ±100 V; gas inputs must be positive and up to 1e15, T up to 1e5 K. Numeric text up to 48 characters, no thousands separators. Examples: H2O, K4[Fe(CN)6], CuSO4·5H2O; charges: Fe^2+, Cl^-, electron e^-. Element symbols are case-sensitive (118 symbols); a formula can have up to 256 characters, nesting up to 6, hydrate parts up to 8, subscripts up to 100000 and up to 1e9 atoms per element. Isotopes, leading formula coefficients and automatic reaction species are not supported.
Where do calculations run?
Runs in a local worker in your browser with a 15-second deadline; editing, resetting or canceling closes pending work. Inputs are never uploaded or saved automatically. Backup up to 1 MiB; original files stay unchanged. Input data, formulas and filenames are never sent. Only with your optional consent, Refentra sends aggregate counts of actions and outcomes, without input content.