Serial dilution with solute balance
One target or a constant-factor series, with compatible molar or mass concentrations and equal final stage volumes.
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One target or a constant-factor series, with compatible molar or mass concentrations and equal final stage volumes. Unused stock and retained intermediate volumes are included in the exact solute accounting. No medical dosing.
Model, grammar and limits
C₁Vtransfer=C₂Vfinal; F=C₁/C₂; Cstep=Cstock/F^step
Examples: H2O, K4[Fe(CN)6], CuSO4·5H2O; charges: Fe^2+, Cl^-, electron e^-. Element symbols are case-sensitive (118 symbols); a formula can have up to 256 characters, nesting up to 6, hydrate parts up to 8, subscripts up to 100000 and up to 1e9 atoms per element. Isotopes, leading formula coefficients and automatic reaction species are not supported.
Reactions: up to 12 species. ICE: up to 8 species, with coefficients from −12 to 12 and concentrations from 0 to 100 mol/L; K and Q from 1e−200 to 1e200. Aqueous temperature 273.15 to 373.15 K; Kw 1e−18 to 1e−10; Ka and Kb 1e−30 to 1e6; concentration up to 10 mol/L (titration and buffer parts up to 5). Titration: up to 1001 points; steps and end up to 100000 mL. Dilution: up to 100 stages, volumes up to 1e6 L. Nernst: n from 1 to 100, up to 12 activities, E° within ±100 V; gas inputs must be positive and up to 1e15, T up to 1e5 K. Numeric text up to 48 characters, no thousands separators.
Atom and charge coefficients and decimal dilution accounting are exact. Other results are numerical, shown with 10 significant digits, and the CSV has raw numeric values plus units. Roots take at most 180 iterations, and results whose residual can't be certified because resolution was lost are rejected. This is an educational model of your chosen setup, not a dosing or engineering instruction.
CIAAW abridged2024; CODATA2022 R=8.31446261815324 J/(mol K), F=96485.33212331002 C/mol
Runs in a local worker in your browser with a 15-second deadline; editing, resetting or canceling closes pending work. Inputs are never uploaded or saved automatically. Backup up to 1 MiB; original files stay unchanged. Input data, formulas and filenames are never sent. Only with your optional consent, Refentra sends aggregate counts of actions and outcomes, without input content.
Use this model
- Own inputs
One target or a constant-factor series, with compatible molar or mass concentrations and equal final stage volumes. Unused stock and retained intermediate volumes are included in the exact solute accounting. No medical dosing.
- Model, grammar and limits
C₁Vtransfer=C₂Vfinal; F=C₁/C₂; Cstep=Cstock/F^step Atom and charge coefficients and decimal dilution accounting are exact. Other results are numerical, shown with 10 significant digits, and the CSV has raw numeric values plus units. Roots take at most 180 iterations, and results whose residual can't be certified because resolution was lost are rejected. This is an educational model of your chosen setup, not a dosing or engineering instruction.
- Download CSV report
Runs in a local worker in your browser with a 15-second deadline; editing, resetting or canceling closes pending work. Inputs are never uploaded or saved automatically. Backup up to 1 MiB; original files stay unchanged. Input data, formulas and filenames are never sent. Only with your optional consent, Refentra sends aggregate counts of actions and outcomes, without input content.
Questions and model limits
Which assumptions apply?
One target or a constant-factor series, with compatible molar or mass concentrations and equal final stage volumes. Unused stock and retained intermediate volumes are included in the exact solute accounting. No medical dosing.
How exact are the results?
Atom and charge coefficients and decimal dilution accounting are exact. Other results are numerical, shown with 10 significant digits, and the CSV has raw numeric values plus units. Roots take at most 180 iterations, and results whose residual can't be certified because resolution was lost are rejected. This is an educational model of your chosen setup, not a dosing or engineering instruction.
What inputs are supported?
Reactions: up to 12 species. ICE: up to 8 species, with coefficients from −12 to 12 and concentrations from 0 to 100 mol/L; K and Q from 1e−200 to 1e200. Aqueous temperature 273.15 to 373.15 K; Kw 1e−18 to 1e−10; Ka and Kb 1e−30 to 1e6; concentration up to 10 mol/L (titration and buffer parts up to 5). Titration: up to 1001 points; steps and end up to 100000 mL. Dilution: up to 100 stages, volumes up to 1e6 L. Nernst: n from 1 to 100, up to 12 activities, E° within ±100 V; gas inputs must be positive and up to 1e15, T up to 1e5 K. Numeric text up to 48 characters, no thousands separators. Examples: H2O, K4[Fe(CN)6], CuSO4·5H2O; charges: Fe^2+, Cl^-, electron e^-. Element symbols are case-sensitive (118 symbols); a formula can have up to 256 characters, nesting up to 6, hydrate parts up to 8, subscripts up to 100000 and up to 1e9 atoms per element. Isotopes, leading formula coefficients and automatic reaction species are not supported.
Where do calculations run?
Runs in a local worker in your browser with a 15-second deadline; editing, resetting or canceling closes pending work. Inputs are never uploaded or saved automatically. Backup up to 1 MiB; original files stay unchanged. Input data, formulas and filenames are never sent. Only with your optional consent, Refentra sends aggregate counts of actions and outcomes, without input content.